Preamble

First Aid is unarguably a good business. When we are injured or suddenly feel uncomfortable, what we desire and need is someone to functionally assist us – that trained or exceptional individual who knows what to do. First aid is all about helping people in situations like this. Giving people helping hands in situations of unforeseen incidents or Near miss.
First Aid is the initial assistance or treatment given to causality for any
injury or sudden illness before the arrival of an ambulance, doctor, or other
personnel.

AIMS
OF FIRST AID

·          Prevent the casualty’s condition from
becoming worse

·         Promote recovery

RESPONSIBILITIES AS A FIRST AIDER

·         Assess the situation quickly and safely, and
summon appropriate help

·         Protect causalities and others at the scene from
possible danger

·         To identify, as far as possible , the nature of
illness or injury affecting casualty

·         To give each casualty early and appropriate
treatment, treating the most serious condition first.

·           To arrange for the casualty removal
to hospital or into the care of a    doctor.

·         To remain with a casualty until appropriate care
is available.

·          To report your observation to those taking
care of the casualty, and to give further assistance if required.

 PRIORITY
OF CASUALTIES

·         Save the conscious causalities before the
unconscious ones as they have a higher chances  of recovery

·         Save the young before the old

·          Do not jeopardize your own life while
rendering First Aid.  In the event of immediate danger, get out of
site immediately.

·         Remember One of your aims is to prevent life,
and not endanger your own in the process of rendering First Aid.

·         Causalities should always be treated in the
order to priority, usually given by the “3Bs”

–   Breathing

–  Bleeding

–   Bones

     RECOVERY
POSITION

·         For people who are unconscious or semiconscious,
but are still breathing.

·         If there are spinal or neck injuries, do not
attempt to place the casualty in the recovery position.

·         NOTE :  Leaving the victim in this
position for long periods may cause them to experience nerve compression.

STEP
1:   Kneel next to the person.   Place the arm
closest to you straight out from the body.  Position the far arm with
the back of the hand against the near cheek.

 STEP
2:   Grab and bend the person’s far knee

STEP
3:   Protecting the head with one hand, gently roll the person
toward you by pulling the far knee over and to the ground.

 STEP
4:   Tilt the head up slightly as so that the airway is
open.  Make sure that the hand is under the cheek.  Place a
blanket or coat over the person (unless he/she has a heat illness or fever) and
stay close until help arrives.

HYPERVENTILATION

 Also
known as Excessive breathing which causes a reduction of carbon dioxide
concentration  (below normal) of the blood.

  SYMPTOMS

·          Unnaturally fast, deep breathing

·          Attention –seeking behavior

·         Dizziness, Faintness, trembling, or marked
tingling in hands, feet and lips.

·         Headache

·         Chest pain

·         Cramps

Causes:

·         Stress or anxiety

·         Consequence  of   lung
disease, head injuries or stroke

TREATMENT

·         When speaking to casualty,  be firm
but kind

·         If possible, lead the causality to a quiet place
where he may be better able to regain control of his breathing

·          Let him re-breathe his own exhaled air
from a paper bag.

·         (Paper bag is preferred over plastic bag as
plastic bag may cause the casualty to suffocate)

FAINTING

Fainting
is a brief loss of consciousness that is caused by a temporary reduction of
blood flow to the brain.

SYMPTOMS

·          A brief loss of consciousness causing the
casualty to fall to the floor

·         A slow pulse

·         Pale, cold skin and sweating 

 CAUSES

–          Taking in two little food and fluids
(dehydration )

–           Low blood pressure

–          Lack of sleep

–          Over exhaustion 

 TREATMENT

–           Lay casualty down, and slightly elevate
legs

–          Make sure she has  plenty of fresh air

–          As she recovers, reassure her and help her sit
up gradually

–          Look for a treat and injury that has been
sustained through falling.

 SHOCK

Shock
occurs when the circulatory system fails, and insufficient oxygen reaches the
tissue.  If the condition is not treated quickly, vital organs can
fail, ultimately causing death.  Shock is made worse by fear and
pain.

SYMPTOMS

–          A  brief loss of consciousness causing
the casualty to fall to the floor

–          A slow pulse

–          Pale, cold skin and sweating

CAUSES

–          Clamming skin  (cool, pale  and
damp)

–          Restlessness  and nervousness

–          Thirst

–          Loss of blood

–          Confusion

–          Fast breathing

–          Nausea or vomiting

–          Blotched or bluish skin (especially around sthe
mouth and lips

–          Often perspires  freely

–           May pass out

CAUSES

 Shock
can be divided into 4 types

–          Hypoglycemic shock

            caused
by the loss of blood volume (such as through bleeding) or

             profound
dehydration 

–          Cardiogemic shock

              Result
of a weakened heart that is unable to pump blood as

               efficiently
as it once did. Commonly occurs after a massive heart  attack.

–          Distributive shock

          –
a result of the lack of distribution of blood to the organs

–      Obstructive
shock

                  –
result from an obstruction to blood flow at a site other then the  

                     heart.

  

TREATMENT

–          “P.E.L.C.RN.”  (Pronounced
Pell-Crin)

–            Position the
causality on their back

–           Elevate the legs

–           Loosen clothing at neck waist or wherever
it is binging

–           Climatize  (prevent too hot or
too cold)

–           Reassure medical personnel (Help, Get a
medic!)

BEE,
HORNEY STING

 SYMPTOMS

–            Redness and swelling of injured area

TREATMENT

–           Remove stinger as fast as possible

–          Reduce pain and swelling with cold compress

CRAMPS

Cramps
are painful sensation caused by contraction or over shortening, usually of
muscles.

CAUSES

–          Cold or overexertion

TREATMENT

–          Stretch the muscle caused by contraction or over
shortening, usually of muscles

–          Craps from lack of salt and water.  Stretch
the muscle, drink water, and increase salt intake.

 CHOKING

Choking
is the mechanical obstruction of the flow of air from the environment into the
lungs

CAUSES

–          Introduction of foreign object into airway which
becomes stuck

–          Respiratory diseases

–           Compression of airway (eg  Strangling)

SYMPTOMS

–          Unable to speak or cry out

–          Face turns blue form lack of oxygen

–          Victim grabbing at his /her throat

–          Weak coughing labored breathing produces high
–pitched noise

–          Unconsciousness

TREATMENT

–          Encourage victim to cough

–          Bask slaps: Use of hard blows with heel of the
hand of the upper back of the victims

–           Abdominal thrusts:  Standing
behind the victim and using hands to exert pressure on bottom of the
diaphragm   (May result in injuries like bruises or fracture of
ribs).

TYPES
OF BURNS

 Dry
Burns

–           Caused by flame, contact with hot objects
, frictions etc

Scalds

–          Contact with steam and hot fluids

Electric
burns

–            Low-voltage current , lighting
strike

Cold
Injury

–            Contact with freezing metals, dry
ice, freezing vapours eg. liquid oxygen and liquid nitrogen

 OTHER
TYPES OF BURNS

Chemical
Burns

–           Industrial chemicals, including inhaled
fumes and corrosive gases

–          Household chemicals , including paint remove,
strong acid and alkali, bleach, weed killers etc

Radiation
Burns

–           Sunburn over –exposure to ultra-violet (UV) lamp and exposure to radioactive sources.

  DEGREE
OF BURN

 First
Degree Burn

–           This involves only the outer most layer of
skin and is characterized by redness swelling and tenderness. 

Second
Degree Burns

–          Any 1% burn affecting layers of the epidemic,
giving rise to rawness, blisters and the presence of a clear fluid. Can be
fatal if it affects over 60% of the body.

Third
degree Burns

–          All the layers of the skin are burned and there
nay be some damage to the nerves, fat tissue and muscles.  Skin may
look waxy, pale are charred.  Purple fluid is observed and no pain is
felt by casualty. Urgent medical attention is required.

MINOR
BURNS

(FIRST
DEGREE BURNS)

 TREATMENT

        –   Rinse
the injured part with cold water for at least 10 minutes to stop

             burning
and relieve pain

       –    Gently
remove any jewelry, watches, belts or constructing clothing

             from
injured area before it begins to swell

       –    Cover
area with sterile dressing or any clean, non-fluffy material

            and
bandages loosely in place

        –   Note:
Cold burns should not be rinsed with cold water and cold

            water
should never be applied to anyone with extensive burns.

  SEVERE
BURNS

(SECOND
AND THIRD DEGREE BURNS)

TREATMENT

               –   Lay
the casualty down and protect the burns area from contact
with   

                   the
ground of possible.

                –  Rinse
burn with plenty of cold water for at least 10 minutes or use

                    burn
cooling gel 

               –    Arrange
for casualty to be sent to the hospital

               –    While
cooling the burn, watch for signs of difficulty in breathing

                     and
be ready to resuscitate if necessary.

             SEVERE
BURNS.

(SECOND
AND THIRD DEGREE BURNS)

TREATMENT

              –   Remove
any rings, watches, belts or constructing clothing from

                   Injured
area before it begins to swell.

              –   Remove
burnt clothing, unless it is sticking to the burn

              –   cover
dressing with sterile dressing or some other suitable

                   material
to prevent infection and germs (this is not necessary if

                   burn
is on face)

              –   So
not burst any blisters, touch infected area or apply any

                   lotions
to the injury as this will retain heat within the burns.

ELECTRIC
SHOCKS

(LOW
–VOLTAGE CURRENTS)

                –   Break
contact of electric source with casualty by switching off mains
or meter point (Only if it is safe for you to do so).

                  –   If
unable to reach cable, stand on insulating material eg plastic mat,
wooden box and push casualty’s limbs away from source with
a broom or stick.

                –  Do
not touch to person until the power supply is turned off.

                –  Be
careful in areas that are wet.

                          –  Dial
995 to summon an ambulance.

Thanks, please stay safe, stay healthy. i love you all…

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