Preamble
First Aid is unarguably a good business. When we are injured or suddenly feel uncomfortable, what we desire and need is someone to functionally assist us – that trained or exceptional individual who knows what to do. First aid is all about helping people in situations like this. Giving people helping hands in situations of unforeseen incidents or Near miss.
First Aid is the initial assistance or treatment given to causality for any
injury or sudden illness before the arrival of an ambulance, doctor, or other
personnel.
First Aid is the initial assistance or treatment given to causality for any
injury or sudden illness before the arrival of an ambulance, doctor, or other
personnel.
AIMS
OF FIRST AID
OF FIRST AID
· Prevent the casualty’s condition from
becoming worse
becoming worse
· Promote recovery
RESPONSIBILITIES AS A FIRST AIDER
· Assess the situation quickly and safely, and
summon appropriate help
summon appropriate help
· Protect causalities and others at the scene from
possible danger
possible danger
· To identify, as far as possible , the nature of
illness or injury affecting casualty
illness or injury affecting casualty
· To give each casualty early and appropriate
treatment, treating the most serious condition first.
treatment, treating the most serious condition first.
· To arrange for the casualty removal
to hospital or into the care of a doctor.
to hospital or into the care of a doctor.
· To remain with a casualty until appropriate care
is available.
is available.
· To report your observation to those taking
care of the casualty, and to give further assistance if required.
care of the casualty, and to give further assistance if required.
PRIORITY
OF CASUALTIES
OF CASUALTIES
· Save the conscious causalities before the
unconscious ones as they have a higher chances of recovery
unconscious ones as they have a higher chances of recovery
· Save the young before the old
· Do not jeopardize your own life while
rendering First Aid. In the event of immediate danger, get out of
site immediately.
rendering First Aid. In the event of immediate danger, get out of
site immediately.
· Remember One of your aims is to prevent life,
and not endanger your own in the process of rendering First Aid.
and not endanger your own in the process of rendering First Aid.
· Causalities should always be treated in the
order to priority, usually given by the “3Bs”
order to priority, usually given by the “3Bs”
– Breathing
– Bleeding
– Bones
RECOVERY
POSITION
POSITION
· For people who are unconscious or semiconscious,
but are still breathing.
but are still breathing.
· If there are spinal or neck injuries, do not
attempt to place the casualty in the recovery position.
attempt to place the casualty in the recovery position.
· NOTE : Leaving the victim in this
position for long periods may cause them to experience nerve compression.
position for long periods may cause them to experience nerve compression.
STEP
1: Kneel next to the person. Place the arm
closest to you straight out from the body. Position the far arm with
the back of the hand against the near cheek.
1: Kneel next to the person. Place the arm
closest to you straight out from the body. Position the far arm with
the back of the hand against the near cheek.
STEP
2: Grab and bend the person’s far knee
2: Grab and bend the person’s far knee
STEP
3: Protecting the head with one hand, gently roll the person
toward you by pulling the far knee over and to the ground.
3: Protecting the head with one hand, gently roll the person
toward you by pulling the far knee over and to the ground.
STEP
4: Tilt the head up slightly as so that the airway is
open. Make sure that the hand is under the cheek. Place a
blanket or coat over the person (unless he/she has a heat illness or fever) and
stay close until help arrives.
4: Tilt the head up slightly as so that the airway is
open. Make sure that the hand is under the cheek. Place a
blanket or coat over the person (unless he/she has a heat illness or fever) and
stay close until help arrives.
HYPERVENTILATION
Also
known as Excessive breathing which causes a reduction of carbon dioxide
concentration (below normal) of the blood.
known as Excessive breathing which causes a reduction of carbon dioxide
concentration (below normal) of the blood.
SYMPTOMS
· Unnaturally fast, deep breathing
· Attention –seeking behavior
· Dizziness, Faintness, trembling, or marked
tingling in hands, feet and lips.
tingling in hands, feet and lips.
· Headache
· Chest pain
· Cramps
Causes:
· Stress or anxiety
· Consequence of lung
disease, head injuries or stroke
disease, head injuries or stroke
TREATMENT
· When speaking to casualty, be firm
but kind
but kind
· If possible, lead the causality to a quiet place
where he may be better able to regain control of his breathing
where he may be better able to regain control of his breathing
· Let him re-breathe his own exhaled air
from a paper bag.
from a paper bag.
· (Paper bag is preferred over plastic bag as
plastic bag may cause the casualty to suffocate)
plastic bag may cause the casualty to suffocate)
FAINTING
Fainting
is a brief loss of consciousness that is caused by a temporary reduction of
blood flow to the brain.
is a brief loss of consciousness that is caused by a temporary reduction of
blood flow to the brain.
SYMPTOMS
· A brief loss of consciousness causing the
casualty to fall to the floor
casualty to fall to the floor
· A slow pulse
· Pale, cold skin and sweating
CAUSES
– Taking in two little food and fluids
(dehydration )
(dehydration )
– Low blood pressure
– Lack of sleep
– Over exhaustion
TREATMENT
– Lay casualty down, and slightly elevate
legs
legs
– Make sure she has plenty of fresh air
– As she recovers, reassure her and help her sit
up gradually
up gradually
– Look for a treat and injury that has been
sustained through falling.
sustained through falling.
SHOCK
Shock
occurs when the circulatory system fails, and insufficient oxygen reaches the
tissue. If the condition is not treated quickly, vital organs can
fail, ultimately causing death. Shock is made worse by fear and
pain.
occurs when the circulatory system fails, and insufficient oxygen reaches the
tissue. If the condition is not treated quickly, vital organs can
fail, ultimately causing death. Shock is made worse by fear and
pain.
SYMPTOMS
– A brief loss of consciousness causing
the casualty to fall to the floor
the casualty to fall to the floor
– A slow pulse
– Pale, cold skin and sweating
CAUSES
– Clamming skin (cool, pale and
damp)
damp)
– Restlessness and nervousness
– Thirst
– Loss of blood
– Confusion
– Fast breathing
– Nausea or vomiting
– Blotched or bluish skin (especially around sthe
mouth and lips
mouth and lips
– Often perspires freely
– May pass out
CAUSES
Shock
can be divided into 4 types
can be divided into 4 types
– Hypoglycemic shock
caused
by the loss of blood volume (such as through bleeding) or
by the loss of blood volume (such as through bleeding) or
profound
dehydration
dehydration
– Cardiogemic shock
Result
of a weakened heart that is unable to pump blood as
of a weakened heart that is unable to pump blood as
efficiently
as it once did. Commonly occurs after a massive heart attack.
as it once did. Commonly occurs after a massive heart attack.
– Distributive shock
–
a result of the lack of distribution of blood to the organs
a result of the lack of distribution of blood to the organs
– Obstructive
shock
shock
–
result from an obstruction to blood flow at a site other then the
result from an obstruction to blood flow at a site other then the
heart.
TREATMENT
– “P.E.L.C.RN.” (Pronounced
Pell-Crin)
Pell-Crin)
– Position the
causality on their back
causality on their back
– Elevate the legs
– Loosen clothing at neck waist or wherever
it is binging
it is binging
– Climatize (prevent too hot or
too cold)
too cold)
– Reassure medical personnel (Help, Get a
medic!)
medic!)
BEE,
HORNEY STING
HORNEY STING
SYMPTOMS
– Redness and swelling of injured area
TREATMENT
– Remove stinger as fast as possible
– Reduce pain and swelling with cold compress
CRAMPS
Cramps
are painful sensation caused by contraction or over shortening, usually of
muscles.
are painful sensation caused by contraction or over shortening, usually of
muscles.
CAUSES
– Cold or overexertion
TREATMENT
– Stretch the muscle caused by contraction or over
shortening, usually of muscles
shortening, usually of muscles
– Craps from lack of salt and water. Stretch
the muscle, drink water, and increase salt intake.
the muscle, drink water, and increase salt intake.
CHOKING
Choking
is the mechanical obstruction of the flow of air from the environment into the
lungs
is the mechanical obstruction of the flow of air from the environment into the
lungs
CAUSES
– Introduction of foreign object into airway which
becomes stuck
becomes stuck
– Respiratory diseases
– Compression of airway (eg Strangling)
SYMPTOMS
– Unable to speak or cry out
– Face turns blue form lack of oxygen
– Victim grabbing at his /her throat
– Weak coughing labored breathing produces high
–pitched noise
–pitched noise
– Unconsciousness
TREATMENT
– Encourage victim to cough
– Bask slaps: Use of hard blows with heel of the
hand of the upper back of the victims
hand of the upper back of the victims
– Abdominal thrusts: Standing
behind the victim and using hands to exert pressure on bottom of the
diaphragm (May result in injuries like bruises or fracture of
ribs).
behind the victim and using hands to exert pressure on bottom of the
diaphragm (May result in injuries like bruises or fracture of
ribs).
TYPES
OF BURNS
OF BURNS
Dry
Burns
Burns
– Caused by flame, contact with hot objects
, frictions etc
, frictions etc
Scalds
– Contact with steam and hot fluids
Electric
burns
burns
– Low-voltage current , lighting
strike
strike
Cold
Injury
Injury
– Contact with freezing metals, dry
ice, freezing vapours eg. liquid oxygen and liquid nitrogen
ice, freezing vapours eg. liquid oxygen and liquid nitrogen
OTHER
TYPES OF BURNS
TYPES OF BURNS
Chemical
Burns
Burns
– Industrial chemicals, including inhaled
fumes and corrosive gases
fumes and corrosive gases
– Household chemicals , including paint remove,
strong acid and alkali, bleach, weed killers etc
strong acid and alkali, bleach, weed killers etc
Radiation
Burns
Burns
– Sunburn over –exposure to ultra-violet (UV) lamp and exposure to radioactive sources.
DEGREE
OF BURN
OF BURN
First
Degree Burn
Degree Burn
– This involves only the outer most layer of
skin and is characterized by redness swelling and tenderness.
skin and is characterized by redness swelling and tenderness.
Second
Degree Burns
Degree Burns
– Any 1% burn affecting layers of the epidemic,
giving rise to rawness, blisters and the presence of a clear fluid. Can be
fatal if it affects over 60% of the body.
giving rise to rawness, blisters and the presence of a clear fluid. Can be
fatal if it affects over 60% of the body.
Third
degree Burns
degree Burns
– All the layers of the skin are burned and there
nay be some damage to the nerves, fat tissue and muscles. Skin may
look waxy, pale are charred. Purple fluid is observed and no pain is
felt by casualty. Urgent medical attention is required.
nay be some damage to the nerves, fat tissue and muscles. Skin may
look waxy, pale are charred. Purple fluid is observed and no pain is
felt by casualty. Urgent medical attention is required.
MINOR
BURNS
BURNS
(FIRST
DEGREE BURNS)
DEGREE BURNS)
TREATMENT
– Rinse
the injured part with cold water for at least 10 minutes to stop
the injured part with cold water for at least 10 minutes to stop
burning
and relieve pain
and relieve pain
– Gently
remove any jewelry, watches, belts or constructing clothing
remove any jewelry, watches, belts or constructing clothing
from
injured area before it begins to swell
injured area before it begins to swell
– Cover
area with sterile dressing or any clean, non-fluffy material
area with sterile dressing or any clean, non-fluffy material
and
bandages loosely in place
bandages loosely in place
– Note:
Cold burns should not be rinsed with cold water and cold
Cold burns should not be rinsed with cold water and cold
water
should never be applied to anyone with extensive burns.
should never be applied to anyone with extensive burns.
SEVERE
BURNS
BURNS
(SECOND
AND THIRD DEGREE BURNS)
AND THIRD DEGREE BURNS)
TREATMENT
– Lay
the casualty down and protect the burns area from contact
with
the casualty down and protect the burns area from contact
with
the
ground of possible.
ground of possible.
– Rinse
burn with plenty of cold water for at least 10 minutes or use
burn with plenty of cold water for at least 10 minutes or use
burn
cooling gel
cooling gel
– Arrange
for casualty to be sent to the hospital
for casualty to be sent to the hospital
– While
cooling the burn, watch for signs of difficulty in breathing
cooling the burn, watch for signs of difficulty in breathing
and
be ready to resuscitate if necessary.
be ready to resuscitate if necessary.
SEVERE
BURNS.
BURNS.
(SECOND
AND THIRD DEGREE BURNS)
AND THIRD DEGREE BURNS)
TREATMENT
– Remove
any rings, watches, belts or constructing clothing from
any rings, watches, belts or constructing clothing from
Injured
area before it begins to swell.
area before it begins to swell.
– Remove
burnt clothing, unless it is sticking to the burn
burnt clothing, unless it is sticking to the burn
– cover
dressing with sterile dressing or some other suitable
dressing with sterile dressing or some other suitable
material
to prevent infection and germs (this is not necessary if
to prevent infection and germs (this is not necessary if
burn
is on face)
is on face)
– So
not burst any blisters, touch infected area or apply any
not burst any blisters, touch infected area or apply any
lotions
to the injury as this will retain heat within the burns.
to the injury as this will retain heat within the burns.
ELECTRIC
SHOCKS
SHOCKS
(LOW
–VOLTAGE CURRENTS)
–VOLTAGE CURRENTS)
– Break
contact of electric source with casualty by switching off mains
or meter point (Only if it is safe for you to do so).
contact of electric source with casualty by switching off mains
or meter point (Only if it is safe for you to do so).
– If
unable to reach cable, stand on insulating material eg plastic mat,
wooden box and push casualty’s limbs away from source with
a broom or stick.
unable to reach cable, stand on insulating material eg plastic mat,
wooden box and push casualty’s limbs away from source with
a broom or stick.
– Do
not touch to person until the power supply is turned off.
not touch to person until the power supply is turned off.
– Be
careful in areas that are wet.
careful in areas that are wet.
– Dial
995 to summon an ambulance.
995 to summon an ambulance.
Thanks, please stay safe, stay healthy. i love you all…
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